The Overlooked Ingredient

1. The Overlooked IngredientExpert Analysis · Version 1.10 · The formation pathway of calcium and sodium chromate is not new. It has been documented in patent specifications, research work, manufacturer documents and regulations over more than eight decades. …
2. The Overlooked Ingredient, SummarySummary · Version 1.10 · High temperature insulation materials contain alkaline oxides, above all calcium and sodium oxide. Neither is classified as carcinogenic, and neither appears in any assessment of chromium(VI). Above …
3. The Overlooked Ingredient, OverviewOverview · Version 1.4 · High temperature insulation contains basic oxides, above all calcium oxide and sodium oxide. Neither is classified as carcinogenic, and neither appears in any assessment of Chromium(VI). Above about …

Contents

1. 1. The knowledge has been documented for decades
2. 2. The issue has reached Europe
3. 3. The chromium(VI) misconception: collective term and individual compound
4. 4. Fields of application and the chromates to be expected
5. 5. Why the issue is not recognised
6. 6. Why it becomes an issue
7. 7. The 1938/1939 patent: calcium chromate as a deliberately produced reaction product
8. 8. Sodium: accelerator, control agent and chromate former
9. 9. The chemical core of the formation pathway
10. 10. Direct experimental evidence: from the model mixture to the metal-insulation interface
11. 11. From metallurgical roasting to high-temperature insulation
12. 12. Significance for E-glass fabric, calcium silicate, mineral wool and aerogel insulation systems
13. 13. The dilemma of the insulation material manufacturers
14. 14. Gas-phase transport: Tatar/Gannon and van Leeuwen
15. 15. The asbestos era, asbestos substitution and chrysotile
16. 16. Manufacturer and operator warnings: documented state of industrial knowledge
17. 17. Analysis: the method decides the finding
18. 18. Rules compared: one benchmark, five variants
19. 19. Rapid test philosophy and the French field study
20. 20. Vehicle engines and engine compartments
21. 21. Combustion ashes and boiler deposits
22. 22. State of knowledge in Europe on combustion residues
23. 23. Cremations and other chromium-containing combustion materials
24. 24. Health and environmental consequences of the chromates
25. 25. Industrially manufactured or formed in situ: unequal control
26. 26. Supposed remedies: neutralisation, WD-40 and the “harmless” chromium(III)
27. 27. Chromium(III): the assumed final state
28. 28. Our own field findings
29. 29. What can still be investigated and what is no longer open
30. 30. Legal consequences of non-compliance
31. 31. On the choice of the regulations cited
32. 32. Order of magnitude: a thought experiment
33. 33. The duties in France
34. 34. The duties in Switzerland
35. 35. The duties in Germany
36. 36. The duties in the European Union
37. 37. The duties in the Netherlands
38. 38. The duties in the United Kingdom
39. 39. Appendix: insulation materials with basic oxides and where they are installed
40. 40. Conclusion

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